Informatics Publishing Limited

Abdullah Al Faruq ¹, Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan ², Mohammad Mejbah Uddin ¹, Mohammad Lutfur Rahman ¹, Tofazzal Md. Rakib ³, Mahabub Alam ⁴, Ariful Islam ⁵

Affiliations
1 Department of Anatomy and Histology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong-4225, BD
2 Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong-4225, BD
3 Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong-4225, BD
4 Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong-4225, BD
5 EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, US

Abstract

Aim: Salmonellosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases, and the presence of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella in wild birds is global public health threat. Throughout the last decades, multidrug resistance of Salmonella spp. has increased, particularly in developing countries. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and antimicrobial resistance pattern against Salmonella spp. from two species of resident wild birds namely house crow (Corvus splendens) and Asian pied starling (Gracupica contra).

Materials and Methods: Samples were collected from cloacal swabs of house crows and Asian pied starling for isolating Salmonella spp. (bacteriological culture methods) followed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing (disk diffusion method) against Salmonella spp. isolates during March to December 2014.

Results: The prevalence of Salmonella in Asian pied starling and house crows were 67% and 65%, respectively. Within the category of samples from different species, the variation in prevalence was not varied significantly (p>0.05). Isolated Salmonella spp. was tested for resistance to six different antimicrobial agents. Among six antimicrobial tested, 100% resistance were found to penicillin, oxacillin, and clindamycin followed by erythromycin (50-93%), kanamycin (7-20%), and cephalothin (30-67%) from both species of birds. Kanamycin remained sensitive in (70-73%), cephalothin (26-70%), and erythromycin appeared to be (0-30%) sensitive against Salmonella spp. isolates. Isolated Salmonella spp. was multidrug resistant up to three of the six antimicrobials tested.

Conclusion: It can be said that the rational use of antimicrobials needs to be adopted in the treatment of disease for livestock, poultry, and human of Bangladesh to limit the emergence of drug resistance to Salmonella spp.

Keywords

Antimicrobial, Prevalence, Resistance, Resident Wild Birds, Salmonella.

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Ariful Islam ¹, A. K. M. Saifuddin ², Abdullah Al Faruq ³, Saiful Islam ⁴, Shahanaj Shano ⁵, Mahabub Alam ⁶, Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan ²

Affiliations
1 EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, US
2 Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong 4225, BD
3 Department of Anatomy and Histology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong 4225, BD
4 Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chittagong 4225, BD
5 Department of Anthropology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, IN
6 Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong 4225, BD

Abstract

Aim: Antimicrobial residue in animal food products is an important index of food safety. Antimicrobial residues could result from chemotherapeutic or chemoprophylactic use of drugs in food animals. This occurrence of residue in animal food products has received enormous worldwide attention from some local, international, and public health agencies. A crosssectional study was conducted from July to December 2009 to detect the antibiotic residues in tissues and eggs of laying hens at Chittagong of Bangladesh.

Materials and Methods: Microbial inhibition test (MIT) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods were used to detect antibacterial residues in poultry tissues (liver, kidney, breast, and thigh muscles) and eggs. The bacteria and pH of the MIT method were as follows: Bacillus subtilis on test agar medium with a pH of 7.2, Bacillus cereus with a pH of 6.0, and Escherichia coli at pH with an 8.0.

Results: The overall prevalence of antibiotic residues detected by MIT was 64% in liver, 63% in kidney, 56% in breast muscle, 50% in thigh muscle, and 60% in eggs. There was significant variation in results between MIT and TLC (p<0.05). Tetracycline residues were found in 48% in liver, 24% in kidneys, 20% in thigh muscles, 26% in breast muscles, and 36% in eggs. Ciprofloxacin residues were found 46% in liver, 42% in kidneys, 34% in thigh muscles, 30% in breast muscles, and 30% in eggs. Enrofloxacin residues were found 40% in livers, 36% in kidneys, 24% in thigh muscles, 20% in breast muscles, and 26% in eggs. Amoxicillin residues were found 48% in livers, 30% in kidneys, 26% in thigh muscles, 22% in breast muscles, and 24% in eggs. The most frequently detected antibiotic residues by both MIT and TLC were found in liver tissue, tetracycline (48%), ciprofloxacin (46%), enrofloxacin (40%), and amoxicillin (42%) were found in liver. Breast muscle tissue was least likely to contain antibiotic residues (24%). Tetracycline (p=0.01) and amoxicillin (p=0.03) residues had significant variation among the various poultry tissues and eggs.

Conclusions: A high percentage of tissues and eggs that could be available for human consumption had antibiotic residues. This study suggests that poultry meat and eggs should not be circulated to markets until the end of the drug's withdrawal period. It is also recommended to observe the withdrawal period of drugs before poultry slaughter or table egg distribution to avoid antimicrobial resistance and to inform both owners and consumers about the risks of antibiotic residues.

Keywords

Antimicrobial, Eggs, Microbial Inhibition Test, Poultry, Thin Layer Chromatography, Tissues.

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